Military medals are more than pieces of metal and ribbon—they are tangible links to history, representing acts of bravery, service, sacrifice, and achievement. Whether you’ve inherited a medal from a family member, discovered one at an antique market, or are building a collection, learning how to identify military medals is an essential skill for collectors.
In this guide, we’ll explore the key features that help determine a medal’s origin, purpose, age, and potential significance.
Start with the Ribbon
One of the quickest ways to identify a military medal is by examining its ribbon. Military organizations around the world use distinctive ribbon colours and patterns to distinguish awards.
For example:
- Purple, white, and green ribbons may indicate certain campaign or service medals.
- Rainbow-coloured ribbons are commonly associated with Victory Medals issued after World War I.
- Red, white, and blue combinations are often found on medals from Commonwealth countries and the United States.
Reference books and online medal databases can often identify a medal simply from its ribbon design.
Examine the Obverse and Reverse
The front (obverse) and back (reverse) of a medal contain valuable clues.
Look for:
- Monarch portraits
- National emblems
- Military insignia
- Dates
- Battle names
- Commemorative text
British and Commonwealth medals often feature the reigning monarch at the time of issue. For example, medals bearing King George V, King George VI, or Queen Elizabeth II can help narrow down the period of award.
Check for Naming and Service Numbers
Many military medals were officially named to the recipient around the edge or rim.
Common information includes:
- Service number
- Rank
- Name
- Unit or regiment
For example:
“12345 PTE J. SMITH A.I.F.”
This indicates Private J. Smith of the Australian Imperial Force.
Named medals are often more desirable to collectors because the recipient’s military history can sometimes be researched.
Identify the Medal’s Shape and Material
Different eras and nations favoured specific styles of medals.
Common materials include:
- Bronze
- Silver
- Sterling silver
- Copper-nickel
- Gilt bronze
Campaign medals from the late 19th and early 20th centuries were frequently made from silver or bronze, while later commemorative issues often used less expensive alloys.
The shape can also be revealing. Most military medals are circular, but stars, crosses, and decorative designs are also common.
Look for Hallmarks and Maker’s Marks
Some medals contain small hallmarks or manufacturer’s marks.
These can reveal:
- Country of manufacture
- Silver purity
- Official contractors
- Approximate production period
British medals may include hallmarks indicating sterling silver content, while privately purchased awards often feature jeweller or maker marks.
Understand Medal Types
Military medals generally fall into several categories:
Campaign Medals
Awarded for participation in specific wars, campaigns, or operations.
Examples include:
- First World War Victory Medal
- Second World War Defence Medal
- Vietnam Medal
Gallantry Medals
Awarded for bravery or distinguished conduct.
Examples include:
- Victoria Cross
- Military Medal
- Distinguished Conduct Medal
Long Service Medals
Recognise extended periods of military service.
Coronation and Jubilee Medals
Issued to commemorate royal events and special occasions.
Research the Medal’s History
Once you’ve gathered the physical details, research becomes much easier.
Useful resources include:
- Military medal reference books
- National archives
- Regimental museums
- Veteran associations
- Online medal databases
Many countries have digitised service records that can help trace the recipient’s military career.
Beware of Reproductions
The popularity of military collecting has resulted in many reproduction medals entering the market.
Warning signs include:
- Artificial ageing
- Poor-quality ribbon
- Incorrect dimensions
- Soft or blurred detail
- Lack of naming where one would be expected
Always compare suspected originals with documented examples from reputable sources.
Caring for Military Medals
Collectors should avoid excessive cleaning, as this can reduce both historical integrity and value.
Best practices include:
- Store in a dry environment
- Avoid abrasive polishing
- Handle with clean hands
- Keep ribbons away from direct sunlight
- Use acid-free display materials
Original patina is often preferred by collectors and historians.
Final Thoughts
Every military medal tells a story. Whether awarded for courage under fire, years of dedicated service, or participation in a significant campaign, these pieces provide a direct connection to the people and events that shaped history.
By carefully examining ribbons, inscriptions, materials, and design features, collectors can often identify the origin and significance of a medal. With a little research, even an unassuming medal can reveal a fascinating story of service and sacrifice.
At Bygone Relics, we regularly source and offer military medals, badges, and historical militaria from Australia, Britain, and around the world. Browse our collection regularly to discover unique pieces of military history and the stories they carry.
